Domestic abuse
Foreword from Kate Brown, CPS lead for domestic abuse
As national lead overseeing domestic abuse prosecutions, what stands out to me among all this anguish is not the abuse and the violence but the resilience and courage of the women and men who speak out to report this crime.
There is no greater job satisfaction for me and my team than knowing we have played our part in protecting victims and their families from harm and helping them move on with their lives.
However, we also recognise the anxieties faced by victims in going through the criminal justice process and the need to improve outcomes for them and their families.
Domestic abuse makes up a large proportion of our workload and consistently represents over a third of all crime received by the CPS.
In the first quarter of 2024/25, domestic abuse accounted for 14.5% of our post-charge caseload.
This crime occurs amongst people of all backgrounds and ages. Although the majority of reported domestic abuse victims are women and girls, a significant minority of victims are men and abuse happens within same-sex relationships.
Domestic abuse does not always have to be physical to be prosecuted - sometimes victims may not even be aware it is happening.
It can include any behaviour deployed by an offender to obtain control or power over another, and we recognise that emotional abuse can be just as harmful as physical violence.
But even when a victim has reported abuse to the police, there are complex reasons they may not see through a prosecution - love, shame, guilt, isolation, fear of the process and language barriers to name just a few.
The level of victim attrition is one of the reasons these cases can be difficult to prosecute. That is why we are working so hard at the CPS and across the criminal justice system to improve the experience and provide protection for these victims and their children.
The CPS’ ambition is to secure justice in every possible domestic abuse case. As the principal prosecution service for England and Wales, we want to make sure that all victims, irrespective of background or circumstance, see justice done.
Our Domestic Abuse Programme reaffirms our ambition to increase the volume of domestic abuse prosecutions and improve criminal justice outcomes for victims whilst focusing on casework quality and public confidence so we can encourage more victims to come forward and support prosecutions.
There is also common misconception that complainants ‘press charges’ against perpetrators but that is not how the system works in this country.
While victims are rightly at the centre of everything we do, the CPS prosecutes on behalf of the Crown and for the good of the wider public.
That means we can bring prosecutions without the support or direct involvement of victims through ‘evidence-led prosecutions’ - for example relying on witness accounts or CCTV footage.
The Domestic Abuse Joint Justice Plan (DA JJP) aims to build on improvements by transforming the way we work to investigate and prosecute domestic abuse cases whilst providing flexibility to respond to local needs and area variation.
It promotes early joint working between the CPS and policing in the recognition that better communication between our organisations, throughout the life of a cases, improves outcomes for victims.
The Domestic Abuse Act 2021 received royal assent in April 2021. It aims to raise awareness about the devastating impact of domestic abuse on victims and their families and to further improve the effectiveness of the justice system in providing protection for victims of domestic abuse and bringing perpetrators to justice.
The Act introduces a statutory definition to ensure that domestic abuse is properly understood, viewed as unacceptable and is actively challenged across statutory agencies and in public attitudes. It sets out who can be a victim of domestic abuse behaviours and establishes how victims need to be ‘personally connected’ to the perpetrator. It also makes clear that children are deemed to be victims of domestic abuse if they see or hear, or experience the effects of, the abuse. There is also no requirement that they live in the same household as the abuser.
The Domestic Abuse Act 2021 sets out how people can be ‘personally connected’ including if they are or have been in an intimate relationship, married, civil partners, agree or have agreed to marry each other, have had, or have a parental relationship to a child or are relatives. There is no requirement for the victim and the perpetrator to cohabit although we know many will have. This often then provides perpetrators with personal knowledge about what might most traumatise or impact victims, making this crime particularly distressing and sometimes leaving victims at risk of future violence and abuse.
Family members are defined within the legislation as the father, mother, stepfather, stepmother, son, daughter, stepson, stepdaughter, grandmother, grandfather, grandson, or granddaughter, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, niece, nephew or first cousin (whether of full blood or of half blood or by marriage or civil partnership) of that person or of that person’s spouse, former spouse, civil partner, or former civil partner.
Domestic abuse comprises of broad categories of behaviour including physical or sexual abuse, violent or threatening behaviour, controlling or coercive behaviour, economic abuse and psychological, emotional, or other abuse. It can be prosecuted under a range of offences and it does not matter whether the behaviour consists of a single incident or a course of conduct.
Domestic abuse is rarely a one-off incident and it is the cumulative and interlinked types of abuse that have a particularly damaging effect on the victim. The ‘domestic’ nature of the offending behaviour is an aggravating factor because of the abuse of trust involved.
Men, women and children can all be victims of domestic abuse. Domestic abuse occurs amongst people of all gender identities, ethnicities, sexualities, ages, disabilities, immigration status, religions or beliefs, and socio-economic backgrounds. The CPS recognises domestic abuse differs in severity between incidents, and more often than not, will increase in frequency and seriousness, having a cumulative impact on the victim which can be particularly damaging.
The CPS Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Strategy is an overarching framework to address crimes that have been identified as being committed primarily but not exclusively by men against women.
These crimes include domestic abuse, rape, sexual offences, stalking, harassment, Honour-Based Abuse including forced marriage, female genital mutilation, non-fatal strangulation or suffocation, child abuse, human trafficking focusing on sexual exploitation, prostitution, pornography and obscenity.
This CPS approach to VAWG crimes follows United Nations conventions which the UK government has ratified, and which inform the cross-government VAWG framework. The CPS is determined to secure justice for all victims, and recently we have affirmed our commitment to male victims.
‘Controlling or Coercive behaviour’ describes behaviour occurring within a current or former intimate or family relationship which causes someone to fear that violence will be used against them on more than one occasion, or causes them serious alarm or distress that substantially affects their day-to-day activities. It involves a pattern of behaviour or incidents that enable a person to exert power or control over another, such as isolating a partner from their friends and family, taking control of their finances, everyday activities like what they wear or who they see, or tracking their movements through the internet or mobile phone use.
The domestic abuse definition specifically states:
Controlling behaviour is: a range of acts designed to make a person subordinate and/or dependant by isolating them from sources of support, exploiting their resources and capacities for personal gain, depriving them of the means needed for independence, resistance and escape and regulating their everyday behaviour.
Coercive behaviour is: an act or a pattern of acts of assaults, threats, humiliation and intimidation or other abuse that is used to harm, punish, or frighten their victim.
Honour-Based Abuse is a crime or incident committed to protect or defend the so-called honour of the family or community. The term can cover a collection of practices used to control behaviour within families or other social groups, in order to protect perceived cultural and religious beliefs or honour. These crimes are included within the domestic abuse definition, but may also be carried out by people who are not partners or family members.
A number of offences can be committed in the context of honour-based violence and forced marriage, including common assault, GBH, harassment, kidnap, rape, threats to kill and murder. Examples of instances that might trigger an ‘honour’ crime include someone becoming involved with a boyfriend or girlfriend from a different culture or religion, wearing clothes or taking part in activities that might not be considered traditional within a particular culture, or seeking a divorce.
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a collective term for a range of procedures which involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. It is sometimes referred to as female circumcision, or female genital cutting. The practice is medically unnecessary, is extremely painful and has serious health consequences, both at the time when the mutilation is carried out, and in later life.
FGM has been classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) into four major types, all of which may be relevant to the offences arising under the FGM Act 2003:
- Type I: Clitoridectomy: partial or total removal of the clitoris;
- Type II: Excision: partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora;
- Type III: Infibulation: narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal:
- Type IV: Other: all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, e.g. pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterizing the genital area.
Stalking or harassment occurs not only in a domestic abuse setting – people can be stalked by strangers or acquaintances too.
Stalking is a specific type of harassment, often described as a pattern of unwanted, fixated or obsessive behaviour which is intrusive, and causes fear of violence or serious alarm and distress. For example, a person following, watching or spying on someone else, or forcing contact with them through social media, might be considered as stalking.
Harassment offences involve a ‘course of conduct,’ or repeated actions, which could be expected to cause distress or fear in any reasonable person. This will often include repeated attempts to impose unwanted contact or communication on someone.